Scientist
Reported speech is telling someone what another person has said. Reported speech used Owacho niya or just nia in Dholuo.
Direct reporting
When translating or adapting speech into a scientific context, especially for reported speech, it's important to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the scientific content while also making it accessible to the audience. Given this, let's adapt the provided examples into a context where a scientist might report observations or conclusions in both English and Dholuo. The focus will be on precision and the use of passive voice where appropriate, a common practice in scientific writing to emphasize the information over the speaker.
| English (Direct Speech) | English Reported Speech (Scientific Context) | Dholuo (Direct Speech) | Dholuo (Reported in Scientific Context) |
|---|---|---|---|
| "The experiment confirms our hypothesis," he said. | He stated that the experiment had confirmed their hypothesis. | "Eksperiment oyudo adier kaluwore gi pachwa," en owacho. | En owacho ni Eksperiment oyudo adieri kaluwere gi pachwa. |
| "This species has become extinct due to habitat loss," they said. | They reported that the species had become extinct due to habitat loss. | "Chwechno orumo nikech rumo mar alwora," gi waco. | Gi wacho ni chwechno orumo nikech rumo mar aluora. |
| "Climate change affects migration patterns," she said. | She indicated that climate change affects migration patterns. | Lokwruok mar piny oketho chenro mar dar | Ne owacho ni lokruok mar piny oketho chenro mag dar |
| "We will publish the findings next month," they said. | They announced that they would publish the findings next month. | "Wa dhi keto ayanga weche moyudore dwe mabiro," gi wacho. | Giwacho ni gibiro keto ayanga weche moyudore dwe mabiro |
In the "Dholuo (Reported in Scientific Context)" column, the reported speech is framed in a way that's akin to scientific reporting, where the focus is on the findings or observations rather than the act of speech itself. This table is crafted to reflect how scientists might communicate their work in both languages, highlighting the transition from direct to reported speech within a scientific discourse.
It's worth noting that the scientific vocabulary and the specificity required in scientific reporting might lead to variations in how certain terms are expressed in Dholuo, especially given the language's context and available vocabulary for scientific concepts.
Passive reporting
Converting the active voice sentences into passive voice, especially in a scientific context, emphasizes the action or the result rather than who is performing the action. This approach is often used in scientific writing to maintain objectivity and focus on the data or findings. Below, the examples are adapted to a scientific context using passive voice in both English and Dholuo, highlighting the outcomes or processes rather than the agents.
| English (Direct Speech) | English Passive Voice (Scientific Context) | Dholuo (Direct Speech) | Dholuo Passive Voice (Scientific Context) |
|---|---|---|---|
| "The experiment confirms our hypothesis," he said. | It was stated that the hypothesis was confirmed by the experiment. | "Paro wa cha ne ouyud ni adieri gi ekperiment," ne owacho. | Ne owacho ne paro oyud ni adieri gi ekperiment manotim. |
| "We've detected a security breach," they said. | A security breach was reported to have been detected. | "Fweny mar ketho arita kwe ne oyangi. | Ne giyango fweny ketho mar ketho arita kwe. |
| "Your software is outdated," she said. | The software was mentioned to be outdated. | "software ni oti," ne owacho. | Ne owacho ni software ni oti |
| "The network will be down for maintenance tonight," he said. | It was informed that the network would be down for maintenance tonight. | "Network biro bedo piny nikech ilose," ne owacho. | Ne owach ni software biro bedo piny nikech ilose |
In the "Dholuo Passive Voice (Scientific Context)" column, the sentences are adapted to reflect the passive voice's use in a scientific reporting context. This structure emphasizes the results, observations, or actions over the individual or group performing the action, aligning with the preference in scientific writing for objectivity and focus on the research outcomes.
This approach showcases how scientific information can be communicated while maintaining a passive voice, ensuring the focus remains on the findings or facts rather than the researchers or subjects involved. It's important to note that while Dholuo translations aim to follow the passive voice structure, linguistic and structural differences between English and Dholuo might lead to variations in how passivity is expressed, especially given the context and available vocabulary for scientific terminology in Dholuo.